Journal articles
Wits IDORI is a recognised research institute of Wits University and a Division of the Wits Health Consortium. Our researchers regularly publish their research in peer-reviewed academic journals. Whilst the list below in not exhaustive, it gives an indication of the type of work that is carried out by our team:
2025
- Andrews, L. I. B., Halloran, M. E., Neuzil, K. M., van der Laan, L., Huang, Y., Andriesen, J., Patel, M., Fisher, L. H., Janes, H., Rouphael, N., Walsh, S. R., Theodore, D. A., Tieu, H. V., Sobieszczyk, M., El Sahly, H. M., Baden, L. R., Falsey, A. R., Campbell, T. B., Kelley, C. F., Healy, C. M., Immergluck, L., Luft, B., Hirsch, I., de Bruyn, G., Truyers, C., Priddy, F., Sumner, K. M., Flannery, B., Follmann, D., Gilbert, P. B., & COVID-19 Prevention Network (CoVPN). (2025). Evaluating the test-negative design for COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness using randomized trial data: A secondary cross-protocol analysis of 5 randomized clinical trials. JAMA Network Open, 8(5), Article e2512763. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.12763
- Berkley, J. A., Walson, J. L., Gray, G., Russell, F., Bhutta, Z., Ashorn, P., Norris, S. A., Adejuyigbe, E. A., Grais, R., Ogutu, B., Zhang, J., Chantada, G. L., Nachman, S., Kija, E., Jehan, F., Giaquinto, C., Rollins, N. C., & Penazzato, M. (2024). Strengthening the paediatric clinical trial ecosystem to better inform policy and programmes. The Lancet Global Health, 12(12), e199–e204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00511-4
- Chimukuche, R. S., Shandu, L., Zulu, S., Khanyile, P., Singh, N., Gaffoor, Z., Kawuma, R., McCormack, S., Seeley, J., & PrEPVacc Study Group. (2025). HIV risk perception, trust and PrEP adherence among participants in an HIV prevention trial: a qualitative longitudinal study, South Africa. BMJ Open, 15(2), Article e086742. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-086742
- Fisher, L. H., Lazarus, E., Yu, C., Moodie, Z., Stieh, D. J., Yates, N., Zhang, L., Sawant, S., De Rosa, S. C., Cohen, K. W., Morris, D., Grant, S., Randhawa, A., Miner, M. D., Hendriks, J., Wegmann, F., Gill, K. M., Laher, F., Bekker, L. G., Gray, G. E., Corey, L., McElrath, M. J., Martin, T., Gilbert, P. B., Tomaras, G., Walsh, S. R., & Baden, L. R. (2025). ALVAC-prime and monomeric gp120 protein boost induces distinct HIV-1 specific humoral and cellular responses compared with adenovirus-prime and trimeric gp140 protein boost. PLOS Global Public Health, 5(3), Article e0004250. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0004250
- Garrett, N., Tapley, A., Hudson, A., Dadabhai, S., Zhang, B., Mgodi, N. M., Andriesen, J., Takalani, A., Fisher, L. H., Kee, J. J., Magaret, C. A., Villaran, M., Hural, J., Andersen-Nissen, E., Ferarri, G., Miner, M. D., Le Roux, B., Wilkinson, E., Lessells, R., de Oliveira, T., & Gray, G. (2025). Hybrid versus vaccine immunity of mRNA-1273 among people living with HIV in East and Southern Africa: a prospective cohort analysis from the multicentre CoVPN 3008 (Ubuntu) study. EClinicalMedicine, 80, 103054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.103054
- Geffen, L., Besser, M., Goemaere, E., Gray, G., Lloyd Sherlock, P., Madhi, S., Manjra, S., Price, M., & Venter, F. (2025). Upholding medical ethics: A letter to the Israeli Medical Association. The Lancet, 389(10080), 1667–1668. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01662-9
- Gray, G., Williamson, C., Bekker, L. G., Daniels, B., Smidt, W., Garrett, N., Kityo Mutuluuza, C., Mwesigwa, B., Stranix-Chibanda, L., Akimbu, A., Obuku, A., Johnson, T., Naluyima, P., Sawe, F., Burgers, W., Ntiginya, N., Morar, N., Takalani, A., Hendricks, S., Woeber, K., Abrahams, F., Tholanah, M., Mugamba, S., Mulder, M., & Moore, P. (2025). Africa is an essential partner in the research and development of an HIV vaccine. Current HIV Research, 23(3), 203–208. https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X361496250627004203
- Gray, G. E., & Venter, W. D. F. (2025). Working at Cross-PURPOSEs to ending HIV. New England Journal of Medicine, 392(13), 1344–1345. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2414709
- Jatt, L. P., Mgodi, N. M., Buchbinder, S. P., Gray, G. E., & Kublin, J. G. (2025). An HIV vaccine in the era of twice-yearly lenacapavir for PrEP - Essential or irrelevant? New England Journal of Medicine, 392(16), 1561–1563. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2415893
- Karuna, S., Laher, F., Dadabhai, S., Yu, P. C., Grove, D., Orrell, C., Makhema, J., Hosseinipour, M. C., Mathew, C. A., Brumskine, W., Mgodi, N., Andrew, P., Gama, L., Karg, C., Broder, G., Baepanye, K., Lucas, J., Andrasik, M., Takuva, S., Villaran, M., Takalani, A., Tressler, R., Soto-Torres, L., Woodward Davis, A. S., Dhai, A., Sanne, I. M., Cohen, M. S., Corey, L., Gray, G., deCamp, A. C., & Bar, K. J. (2025). Analytical treatment interruption among women with HIV in southern Africa who received VRC01 or placebo in the Antibody Mediated Prevention Study: ATI stakeholder engagement, implementation and early clinical data. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 28(2), Article e26495. https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.26495
- Kenny, A., van Duijn, J., Dintwe, O., Heptinstall, J., Burnham, R., Sawant, S., Zhang, L., Mielke, D., Khuzwayo, S., Omar, F. L., Stanfield-Oakley, S., Keyes, T., Dunn, B., Goodman, D., Fong, Y., Benkeser, D., Zou, R., Hural, J., Hyrien, O., Juraska, M., Luedtke, A., van der Laan, L., Giorgi, E. E., Magaret, C., Carpp, L. N., Pattacini, L., van de Kerkhof, T., Korber, B., Willems, W., Fisher, L. H., Schuitemaker, H., Swann, E., Kublin, J. G., Pau, M. G., Buchbinder, S., Tomaka, F., Nijs, S., Lavreys, L., Gelderblom, H. C., Corey, L., Mngadi, K., Gray, G. E., Borducchi, E., Hendriks, J., Seaton, K. E., Zolla-Pazner, S., Barouch, D. H., Ferrari, G., De Rosa, S. C., McElrath, M. J., Andersen-Nissen, E.1, Stieh, D. J., Tomaras, G. D., & Gilbert, P. B. (2025). Corrigendum to ‘Immune correlates analysis of the Imbokodo (HVTN 705/HPX2008) efficacy trial of a mosaic HIV-1 vaccine regimen evaluated in Southern African people assigned female sex at birth: a two-phase case-control study’. EBioMedicine, 111, 105874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105874
- Kistan, G., Sebitloane, M., Lombard, C., Godlwana, Z., Desmond, A. C., Clark, R., Rooney, J. F., Gray, G., & Moodley, D. (2025). Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine prophylaxis has no effect on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in African breastfeeding women receiving pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 98(3), 265–273. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000003563
- Malemela, K., Mangwana, N., Dias, S., Sharma, J. R., Ramharack, P., Kotze, A., van Onselen, R., Nkambule, S., Louw, J., Mdhluli, M., Gray, G., Muller, C., Mathee, A., Street, R., & Johnson, R. (2025). Upstream SARS-CoV-2 variant surveillance at Breede Valley municipality using wastewater-based epidemiology. Science of the Total Environment, 982, 179648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179648
- Manamela, N. P., Motsoeneng, B. M., Spencer, H., Hermanus, T., Mzindle, N., Ayres, F., Makhado, Z., Serage, R., Gray, G., Bekker, L. G., Madhi, S. A., Moore, P. L., & Richardson, S. I. (2025). SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit differential Fc effector functions. iScience, 28(4), 113084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2025.113084
- Mda, P., Mngadi, K., Zhang, B., Burnham, R., Juraska, M., Hyrien, O., Garrett, N., Dubula, T., Toni, S., Joseph, S., Kotze, P., Buchbinder, S., Takalani, A., Tomaka, F., Luedtke, A., Willems, W., Swann, E., Hutter, J., Gelderblom, H., McElrath, M. J., Stranix-Chibanda, L., Roxby, A. C., Bekker, L. G., & Gray, G. E. (2025). Pregnancy and contraceptive use among participants of childbearing potential in the HVTN 705 HIV vaccine trial in Southern Africa. Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 7, Article 1565933. https://doi.org/10.3389/frph.2025.1565933
- Mkhize, N. N., Zhang, B., Brackett, C., Elyanu, P. J., Tapley, A., Dadabhai, S., Hu, J., Do, B. T. N., Schuster, D. J., Heptinstall, J., Sawant, S., Seaton, K., Sarzotti-Kelsoe, M., Hudson, A., Jin, Y., Bhebhe, S., Kaldine, H., Kgagudi, P., Modise, T., Mgodi, N. M., Andriesen, J., Randhawa, A. K., Fisher, L. H., Kee, J. J., Magaret, C. A., Peng, J., Kenny, A., Carpp, L. N., Chen, Z., Heng, S., Villaran, M., Takalani, A., Le Roux, B., Wilkinson, E., Odhiambo, J., Shah, P., Polakowski, L., Yacovone, M., Samandari, T., Chirenje, Z., Makhema, J., Kamuti, E., Njekwa, K., Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha, H., Baguma, A., Badal-Faesen, S., Brumskine, W., Coetzer, S., Dawson, R., Delany-Moretlwe, S., Diacon, A. H., Fry, S., Gill, K., Madikida, A., Hoosain, Z. A. E., Hosseinipour, M. C., Inambao, M., Innes, C., Innes, S., Kalonji, D., Mwape, H., Kassim, P., Kamanga, M. C., Kilembe, W., Laher, F., Malahleha, M., Maluleke, V. L., Mboya, G., Madiega, P. A., McHarry, K., Mitha, E., Duki, Y., Mda, P., Moerane, M., Moloantoa, T., Nuwamanya, S., Mahomed, S., Naicker, V., Nana, A., Nanvubya, A., Kawoozo, B., Nchabeleng, M., Otieno, W., Potgieter, E. L., Potloane, D., Punt, Z., Said, J., Singh, Y., Kassim, S., van der Vendt, D., Tayob, M. S., Vahed, Y., Wabwire, D. O., Kublin, J. G., Bekker, L. G., Corey, L., Gray, G. E., Huang, Y., Kotze, P., Garrett, N., Hural, J., Ferrari, G., Andersen-Nissen, E., Montefiori, D., Moore, P. L., McElrath, M. J., Tomaras, G. D., & Gilbert, P. B. (2025). Neutralizing and binding antibodies are a correlate of risk of COVID-19 in the CoVPN 3008 study in people with HIV. Nature Communications, 16(1), 5898. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63948-4
- Moodie, Z., Li, S. S., Giorgi, E. E., Williams, L. D., Dintwe, O., Carpp, L. N., Chen, S., Seaton, K. E., Sawant, S. S., Zhang, L., Heptinstall, J., Liu, S., Grunenberg, N., Tomaka, F., Rerks-Ngarm, S., Pitisuttithum, P., Nitayaphan, S., Ake, J. A., Vasan, S., Pantaleo, G., Frank, I., Baden, L. R., Goepfert, P. A., Keefer, M., Chirenje, M., Hosseinipour, M. C., Mngadi, K., Laher, F., Garrett, N., Bekker, L. G., De Rosa, S., Andersen-Nissen, E., Kublin, J. G., Lu, S., Gilbert, P. B., Gray, G. E., Corey, L., McElrath, M. J., & Tomaras, G. D. (2025). A polyvalent DNA prime with matched polyvalent protein/GLA-SE boost regimen elicited the most robust and broad IgG and IgG3 V1V2 binding antibody and CD4+ T cell responses among 13 HIV vaccine trials. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 14(1), Article 2485317. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2025.2485317
- Omole, T. E., Nguyen, H. M., Marcinow, A., Oo, M. M., Jahan, N., Ssemaganda, A., Severini, G., Thomas, K. K., Celum, C., Mugo, N., Mujugira, A., Kublin, J., Corey, L., Sivro, A., Lingappa, J. R., Gray, G., & McKinnon, L. R. (2025). Pre-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) α4β7hi CD4+ T cells and HIV risk among heterosexual individuals in Africa. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 231(4), e770–e780. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae638
- Sherman, A. C., Gray, G. E., Cao, B., To, K. K. W., Rouphael, N., Henao-Restrepo, A. M., Gordon, A. C., & Baden, L. R. (2025). Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 11(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-025-00662-x
- Van Dorsten, R. T., & Breiman, R. (2025). A landscape review with novel criteria to evaluate microbial drivers for cancer: Priorities for innovative research targeting excessive cancer mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 15, Article 1625818. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1625818
- Violari, A., Otwombe, K., Hahn, W., Chen, S., Josipovic, D., Baba, V., Angelidou, A., Smolen, K. K., Levy, O., Mkhize, N. N., Woodward Davis, A. S., Martin, T. M., Haynes, B. F., Williams, W. B., Sagawa, Z. K., Kublin, J. G., Polakowski, L., Brewinski Isaacs, M., Yen, C., Tomaras, G., Corey, L., Janes, H., & Gray, G. E. (2025). Safety and implementation of phase 1 randomized GLA-SE-adjuvanted CH505TF gp120 HIV vaccine trial in newborns. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 135(8), e186927. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci186927
2023
- Bassat, Q., Blau, D. M., Ogbuanu, I. U., Samura, S., Kaluma, E., Bassey, I. A., Sow, S., Keita, A. M., Tapia, M. D., Mehta, A., Kotloff, K. L., Rahman, A., Islam, K. M., Alam, M., el Arifeen, S., Gurley, E. S., Baillie, V., Mutevedzi, P., Mahtab, S., … Madhi, S. A. (2023). Causes of Death among Infants and Children in the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) Network. JAMA Network Open, 6(7). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.22494
- Breiman, R. F., Demetriou, G., Naidu, G., Papathanasopoulos, M. A., Ruff, P., & Madhi, S. A. (2023a). Shifting the center of gravity for addressing the rising cancer disease burden in Africa: A rationale for African-based integrative infectious diseases and oncology research. PLOS Global Public Health, 3(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001970
- Das, R., Palit, P., Haque, M. A., Levine, M. M., Kotloff, K. L., Nasrin, D., Hossain, M. J., Sur, D., Ahmed, T., Breiman, R. F., Freeman, M. C., & Faruque, A. S. G. (2023). Symptomatic and asymptomatic enteric protozoan parasitic infection and their association with subsequent growth parameters in under five children in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 17(10 October). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011687
- Hawkins, P. A., Chochua, S., Lo, S. W., Belman, S., Antonio, M., Kwambana-Adams, B., Gottberg, A. von, Plessis, M. du, Cornick, J., Beall, B., Breiman, R. F., Bentley, S. D., & McGee, L. (2023). A global genomic perspective on the multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae 15A-CC63 sub-lineage following pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction. Microbial Genomics, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.000998
- Kyobe Bosa, H., Njenga, M. K., Wayengera, M., Kirenga, B., Muttamba, W., Dawa, J., Breiman, R. F., Osoro, E., Ngere, I., Omaswa, F., Okware, S., Kabanda, R., Mwebesa, H., Atwine, D., Woldemariam, Y. T., & Aceng, J. R. (2023). Leveraging the structures of the COVID-19 pandemic response for successful control of Ebola in Uganda. In Nature Medicine (Vol. 29, Issue 8). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02395-4
- Lo, S. W., Hawkins, P. A., Jibir, B., Hassan-Hanga, F., Gambo, M., Olaosebikan, R., Olanipekun, G., Munir, H., Kocmich, N., Rezac-Elgohary, A., Gambo, S., Bagenda, D., Fey, P., Breiman, R. F., McGee, L., Bentley, S. D., Obaro, S. K., Haruna, Z. A., Ibrahim, S. A., … Shehu, H. K. (2023). Molecular characterization of streptococcus pneumoniae causing disease among children in nigeria during the introduction of pcv10 (Gsk). Microbial Genomics, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.001094
- Madrid, L., Alemu, A., Seale, A. C., Oundo, J., Tesfaye, T., Marami, D., Yigzaw, H., Ibrahim, A., Degefa, K., Dufera, T., Teklemariam, Z., Gure, T., Leulseged, H., Wittmann, S., Abayneh, M., Fentaw, S., Temesgen, F., Yeshi, M. M., Dubale, M., … Getnet, F. (2023). Causes of stillbirth and death among children younger than 5 years in eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia: a population-based post-mortem study. The Lancet Global Health, 11(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00211-5
- Magaço, A., Alonso, Y., Maixenchs, M., Ambrosio, C., Sitoe, A., Vitorino, P., Blau, D., Garel, M., Breiman, R., Amouzou, A., Bassat, Q., Mandomando, I., Blevins, J., & Munguambe, K. (2023). A Qualitative Assessment of Community Acceptability and Its Determinants in the Implementation of Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling in Children in Quelimane City, Mozambique. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 108. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.22-0343
- Magaço, A., Maixenchs, M., Macete, Y., Escritório, N., Mucor, R., Calia, A., Sitoe, A., Xirinda, E., Vitorino, P., Garel, M., Breiman, R. F., Amouzou, A., Bassat, Q., Mandomando, I., Blevins, J., & Munguambe, K. (2023). Experiences of parents and caretakers going through the consent process to perform minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS) on their deceased children in Quelimane, Mozambique: A qualitative study. PLoS ONE, 18(6 JUNE). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286785
- Mahtab, S., Madhi, S. A., Baillie, V. L., Els, T., Thwala, B. N., Onyango, D., Tippet-Barr, B. A., Akelo, V., Igunza, K. A., Omore, R., el Arifeen, S., Gurley, E. S., Alam, M., Chowdhury, A. I., Rahman, A., Bassat, Q., Mandomando, I., Ajanovic, S., Sitoe, A., … Shiraz, I. (2023). Causes of death identified in neonates enrolled through Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS), December 2016 –December 2021. PLOS Global Public Health, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001612
- Ng’eno, E., Lind, M., Audi, A., Ouma, A., Oduor, C., Munywoki, P. K., Agogo, G. O., Odongo, G., Kiplangat, S., Wamola, N., Osita, M. P., Mugoh, R., Ochieng, C., Omballa, V., Mogeni, O. D., Mikoleit, M., Fields, B. S., Montgomery, J. M., Gauld, J., … Verani, J. R. (2023). Dynamic Incidence of Typhoid Fever over a 10-Year Period (2010-2019) in Kibera, an Urban Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 109(1). https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.22-0736
- Oduor, C., Omwenga, I., Ouma, A., Mutinda, R., Kiplangat, S., Mogeni, O. D., Cosmas, L., Audi, A., Odongo, G. S., Obor, D., Breiman, R., Montgomery, J., Agogo, G., Munywoki, P., Bigogo, G., & Verani, J. R. (2023). Mortality patterns over a 10-year period in Kibera, an urban informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya, 2009–2018. Global Health Action, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2023.2238428
- Rees, C. A., Igunza, K. A., Madewell, Z. J., Akelo, V., Onyango, D., el Arifeen, S., Gurley, E. S., Hossain, M. Z., Rahman, A., Alam, M., Scott, J. A. G., Assefa, N., Madrid, L., Belachew, A., Leulseged, H., Kotloff, K. L., Sow, S. O., Tapia, M. D., Keita, A. M., … Bhandari, M. (2023). Provider adherence to clinical care recommendations for infants and children who died in seven low- and middle-income countries in the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) network. EClinicalMedicine, 63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102198
- Rees, C. A., Kisenge, R., Ideh, R. C., Kamara, J., Coleman, Y. J., Samma, A., Godfrey, E., Manji, H. K., Sudfeld, C. R., Westbrook, A. L., Niescierenko, M., Morris, C. R., Whitney, C. G., Breiman, R. F., Manji, K. P., & Duggan, C. P. (2023). Predictive value of clinician impression for readmission and postdischarge mortality among neonates and young children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Monrovia, Liberia. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2023-001972
- Salmon, D. A., Dudley, M. Z., Brewer, J., Shaw, J., Schuh, H. B., Proveaux, T. M., Jamison, A. M., Forr, A., Goryn, M., Breiman, R. F., Orenstein, W. A., Kao, L. S., Josiah Willcock, R., Cantu, M., Decea, T., Mowson, R., Tsubata, K., Bucci, L. M., Lawler, J., … Orton, P. Z. (2023). LetsTalkShots: personalized vaccine risk communication. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1195751
- Schuh, H. B., Rimal, R. N., Breiman, R. F., Orton, P. Z., Dudley, M. Z., Kao, L. S., Sargent, R. H., Laurie, S., Weakland, L. F., Lavery, J. v., Orenstein, W. A., Brewer, J., Jamison, A. M., Shaw, J., Josiah Willock, R., Gust, D. A., & Salmon, D. A. (2023). Evaluation of online videos to engage viewers and support decision-making for COVID-19 vaccination: how narratives and race/ethnicity enhance viewer experiences. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1192676
Older
- Gupte, A. N., Wong, M. L., Msandiwa, R., Barnes, G. L., Golub, J., Chaisson, R. E., Hoffmann, C. J., & Martinson, N. A. (2017). Factors associated with pulmonary impairment in HIV-infected South African adults. PLoS ONE, 12(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184530
- Dwolatzky, B., Trengove, E., Struthers, H., McIntyre, J. A., & Martinson, N. A. (2006). Linking the global positioning system (GPS) to a personal digital assisstant (PDA) to support tuberculosis control in South Africa: A pilot study. International Journal of Health Geographics, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-5-34
