UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, JOHANNESBURG

Research activities at Birth to Twenty are organised across several research themes.Research Themes


Infant, child and adolescent physical and mental health

Shabet F, Richter L, Ramchandani PG,Stein A, Quigley MA, Norris SA. (In press). Low birthweight and subsequent emotional and behavioural outcomes in twelve year-old children in Soweto, South Africa: findings from Birth to Twenty. International Journal of Epidemiology

Ramchandani PG, Richter L, Stein A, Norris SA. (In press). Antenatal anxiety and later child behaviour problems: the Birth to Twenty cohort. British Journal of Psychiatry

Ramchandani PG, Richter LM, Stein A, Norris SA. (2009). Predictors of Postnatal depression in a socio-economically deprived South African cohort.Journal ofAffective Disorders.113: 279-284.

Norris SA, Roeser R, Richter LM, Lewin N, Ginsburg C, Fleetwood SA, Taole E, van der Wolf K. (2008). South African-ness Among young adolescents: The Emergence of a collective identity within the Birth to Twenty cohort study. The Journal of Early Adolescence; 28; 51-69

Grantham-McGregor S, Cheung YB, Cueto S, Glewwe P, Richter LM, Strupp, L. (2007) Two hundred and forty two million children fail to reach their developmental potential in the first five years in developing countries. Lancet; 369:60-70.

Steyn K, De Wet T, Saloojee Y, Nel H, Yach D. (2006).The influence of maternal cigarette smoking, snuff use and passive smoking on pregnancy outcomes: the Birth to Ten Study. Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 20: 90-99.

Richter LM. (2006). Adolescence: New ways of studying young problems. Science312: 1903-1905.

Basson CD, Norris SA, Mackeown J, Pettifor JM. (2006). Eating attitudes in a group of 11 year old urban South African girls. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 19: 80-85.

Richter LM. (2004).Strengthening infants and children: South African perspectives. Southern African Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health; 14(2):128-34.

Richter LM. (2002).caring for small children: Mutual mental health for caregiver and child. Women s Health Project Review: The Quarterly Journal of Women s Health Project; 42(winter):25-7.

Richter LM. (2001). Psycho-social factors in child health. In: Kibel M, Wag staff L, editors. Child health for all: A manual for Southern Africa. (3rd Edition) ed. Oxford University Press. P.19-24.

Barbarian OA, Richter LM. (2001)Economic status, community danger and psychological problems among South African children. Childhood; 8(1):115-33.

Barbarin OA, Richter LM. (2001).Mandela s children: Growing up in post-Apartheid South Africa. New York: Routledge.

Barbarin OA, Richter L, De Wet T. (2001)Exposure to violence, coping resources, and psychological adjustment of South African children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 71(1):16-25.

Barbarin OA. (2000).Community violence and social inequality as legacies of Apartheid: Implications for social development in South Africa. Social Development Issues; 22(2/3):39-45.

Ellison GT, De Wet T. (2000).Infant mortality in Soweto-estimates from the birth to ten study using the previous birth technique. South African Medical Journal; 90(5):490-1.

Richter LM, Riesel RD, Barbarin OA. (2000).Behavioural problems among preschool children in South Africa: A six-year longitudinal perspective from birth to age five. In: Singh N, Leung J, Singh A, editors. International perspectives on child and adolescent mental health: Selected Proceedings of the First International Conference on Child & Adolescent Mental Health, Hong Kong, June 1998.Oxford: Elsevier Science; . p. 159-82.

Barbarin OA. (1999). Social risks and psychological adjustment: a comparison of African American and South African children. Child Development; 70(6):1348-59.

Richter LM, De Wet T. (1999) Growing up in the new South Africa "Birth to Ten" - A prospective longitudinal study from birth to 10 years of age. Special Section of the Newsletter of the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development; 36(2):5-8.

Barbarin OA, Richter L. (1999). Adversity and psychosocial competence of South African children. American Journal Orthopsychiatry; 69(3):319-27.

Richter LM. (1999). Chronic childhood illness. Child Health Dialogue; 16:3.

Richter LM. (1998)Three hands that rock the cradle. Children First; 2:14-8.

Richter LM. (1997)The role of care in the health of infants and young children. Southern African Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health; 9:95-106.

Matshidze KP, Richter LM, Ellison GT, Levin JB, McIntyre JA. (1998). Caesarean section rates in South Africa: evidence of bias among different population groups . Ethnic Health; 3(1-2):71-9.

Ellison GT, Wagstaff L, Cameron N, De Wet T. (1997). Geographical differences in infant feeding patterns in disadvantaged communities. South African Medical Journal; 87(8):1025-6.

Barbarin OA, Khomo N. (1997). Indicators of economic status and social capital in South African townships: What Do They Reveal about the Material and Social Conditions in Families of Poor Children? Childhood; 4(2):193-222.

Ellison GT, De Wet T, IJsselmuiden CB, Richter LM. (1997)Segregated health statistics perpetuate racial stereotypes. British Medical Journal; 314(7092):1485.

Ellison GT, De Wet T, IJsselmuiden CB, Richter LM. (1996) Desegregating health statistics and health research in South Africa. South African Medical Journal; 86(10):1257-62.

Ellison GT, De Wet T, IJsselmuiden CB, Richter LM. (1997)Desegregating health statistics and heath research in South Africa: Response to Letter. South African Medical Journal; 87(3):330-1.

Ellison GT, Matshidze KP, Richter LM, Levin J, McIntyre J. (1996) Medical aid and racial bias in caesarean section rates. South African Medical Journal; 86(6):696, 698.

Bortz MA. (1992).Language abilities of 18-month-old Zulu speakers. South African Journal of Community Disorders; 39:25-34.

Barbarin OA. (1967). South African pilgrimage leads to longitudinal study. Psychology International; 1(9).


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Influence of the home, school and family environment on the child

Richter LM, Panday S, Norris SA. (2009; In press). Children in the city: Characteristics and living conditions of the 12-year-olds in Johannesburg-Soweto, South Africa. Urban Forum

Fleisch B, Shindler J. (2009; In press). School participation from Birth to Twenty; patterns of schooling in an urban child cohort study in South Africa. International Journal of Educational Development

Richter LM, Chandan UP. (2008). Education and investment choices for vulnerable children in the context of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In G. Bloch, & B. Fleish (Eds), Investment choices for South African education. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand Press.

Sheppard ZA, Norris SA, Pettifor JM, Cameron N, Griffiths PL (2009). Approaches to assessing the role of household socio-economic status on child anthropometric measures in urban South Africa. American Journal of Human Biology. Sep (Epub).
Barbarin OA, Richter LM, De Wet T. (2007).Wachtel A. Ironic trends in the transition of peace: Criminal violence supplants political violence in terrorizing South African blacks. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology; 4S (3):283-305.

Richter LM, Norris SA, Swart TM, Ginsburg C. (2006).In-migration and living conditions of young adolescents in Greater Johannesburg, South Africa. Social Dynamics32:195-216

Panday S, Richter LM, Bhana A. (2006) Young adults: The target of below-the-line advertising. South African Medical Journal 96(2), 104

Richter LM, Pather R, Manegold J, Mason A. (2004). Fatherhood: promoting men s care and protection of children. Child and Youth Care; 22(4):4-5.

McVeigh JA, Norris SA, De Wet T. (2004) The relationship between socio-economic status and physical activity patterns in South African children. Acta Pediatric; 93(7):982-8.

Mathee A, Von Schirnding YER, De Wet T, Mokoetle K. (2000)Potential risk factors for asbestos exposure amongst six-month-old infants living in the township of Soweto, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Health Research; 10(2):135-9.

De Wet T. (2000) Editorial: Children at risk. Urbanisation and Health Newsletter; 3(3):1-2.

Barnes B, Mathee A. (2000) Preliminary findings from a nested study of the indoor environmental and child health Urban Health and Development Bulletin, 3(3): 13-14. Urbanisation and Health Newsletter; 3(3):13-4.

De Wet T, Steyn K, Richter LM.(2000)Birth to Ten Children and tobacco. Urbanisation and Health Newsletter; 3(3):15-8.

Richter LM, Palmary I, De Wet T. (2000) The transmission of violence in schools: Birth to Ten children s experiences of bullying. Urbanisation and Health Newsletter; 3(3):19-22.

Nikodem VC, Hofmeyr GJ, Kramer TR, Gulmezoglu AM, Anderson A. (1993) Audiovisual education and breastfeeding practices: A preliminary report. Curationis; 16(4):60-1.


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Sexual and other risk behaviours emerging during adolescence

Richter LM, Norris SA, Ginsburg C (2006). The silent truth of teenage pregnancies: Birth to Twenty cohort s next generation. South African Medical Journal; 96; 122-124

Richter LM. The many kinds of sexual abuse of young children. (2004) In: Richter LM, Dawes A, Higson Smith C. (eds). The sexual abuse of young children in Southern Africa: In search of solutions. Cape Town: HSRC Press.

Mkhasibe C, Brants R. (2004). Doing something: The initiation of sexual abuse services in Soweto. In: Richter LM, Dawes A, Higson-Smith.C., editors. The sexual abuse of young children in Southern Africa: in search of solutions. Pretoria: HSRC Press.

De Wet T, Steyn K. (2002) Children and smoking - a South African report. Health and Hygiene.

Kaufman CE, De Wet T, Stadler J. (2001) Adolescent pregnancy and parenthood in South Africa. Studies of Family Planning; 32(2):147-60.

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Body Composition, obesity and emerging non-communicable disease risk


Victora C, Adair L, Fall C, Hallal P, Martorell R, Richter L, Sachdev H. (2008). Maternal and child undernutrition: Long-term consequences for adult health? The Lancet. 371: 340-357.

Crowther NJ, Cameron N, Trusler J, Toman S, Norris SA, Gray IP. (2008). The influence of catch-up growth on glucose tolerance and beta cell function in 7-year-old children: results from the Birth to Twenty Study. Pediatric Research Jun; 121(6): e1715-22

Griffiths PL, Rousham EK, Norris SA, Pettifor JM, Cameron N. (2008). The relationship between socio-economic status at birth and ages 9/10 years and body composition outcomes at the end of childhood in urban South African children. Archives of Disease in Childhood.93 (10):862-7

Lewin N, Norris SA, Richter LM. (2007).Health and social scientists need to weigh in. South African Medical Journal96:392

Levitt NS, Lambert EV, Norris SA. (2006). Early life origins of adult chronic disease: a South African perspective. In Chronic diseases of lifestyle in South Africa: 1995-2005. Technical Report. Eds Steyn K, Temple N, Fourie J. Medical Research Council of South Africa, Cape Town, pp58-64. ISBN 1-920014-40-3

Pettifor JM. (2006). Combined stunting and overweight in young children - paradox? South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 19:98-100

Cameron N, Pettifor J, De Wet T, Norris SA. (2003) Rapid Weight Gain in Infancy and Obesity. Nutrition Research; 22(4):13-4.

Cameron N, Pettifor J, De Wet T, Norris S. (2003) The relationship of rapid weight gain in infancy to obesity and skeletal maturity in childhood. Obesity Research; 11(3):457-60.

Gray IP, Crowther NJ. (2001)Implications of the thrifty phenotype hypothesis for health of societies undergoing acculturation: Lessons for South African health planning. South African Medical Journal; 91(4):325-8.

Steyn K, De Wet T, Richter L, Cameron N, Levitt NS, Morrell C. (2000). Cardiovascular disease risk factors in 5-year-old urban South African children--the Birth to Ten Study. South African Medical Journal; 90(7):719-26.

Steyn K, De Wet T, Richter L, Cameron N, Levitt NS, Morrell C. (2000) Cardiovascular disease risk factors in 5-year-old urban South African children--the Birth to Ten Study. South African Medical Journal; 90(7):719-26.

Crowther NJ, Trusler J, Cameron N, Toman M, Gray IP. (2000) Relation between weight gain and beta-cell secretory activity and non-esterified fatty acid production in 7-year-old African children: results from the Birth to Ten study. Diabetologia; 4 3(8):978-85.

Levitt NS, Steyn K, De Wet T et al. (1999) An inverse relationship between blood pressure and birth weight among five year old children from Soweto, South Africa. Journal of Epidemiology of Community Health; 52(5):264.

Harris HE, Ellison GT, Richter LM, de WT, Levin J.(1998) Are overweight women at increased risk of obesity following pregnancy? British Journal of Nutrition; 79(6):489-94.

Crowther NJ, Cameron N, Trusler J, Gray IP. (1998) Association between poor glucose tolerance and rapid post natal weight gain in seven-year-old children. Diabetologia; 41(10):1163-7.

Smith RE, Kok A, Rothberg AD, Groeneveld HT. (1995) Determinants of blood pressure in Sowetan infants. South African Medical Journal; 85(12):1339-42.

Yach D, Richter LM, Cameron N, De Wet T, Von Schirnding YER. (1993) Education of mothers. Urbanisation and Health Newsletter; 18(2):37-47.



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Nutrition and Bone Health through childhood and Adolescence

  • Willey BA, Cameron N, Norris SA, Pettifor JM, Griffiths PL. (In press). Socio-economic predictors of stunting in pre-school children ? a population based study from Johannesburg and Soweto, South Africa. South African Medical Journal
  • Jones LL, Griffiths PL, Norris SA, Pettifor JN, Cameron N. (In press). Is puberty starting earlier in urban South Africa? American Journal of HumanBiology
  • Hawley NL, Rousham EK, Norris SA, Pettifor JM, Cameron N. Secular trends in Skeletal Maturity in South Africa: 1962-2001. Annals of Human Biology (In press).
  • Cameron N, Jones LL, Griffiths PL, Norris SA, Pettifor JM. (In press). How well do waist circumference and body mass index reflect body composition in pre-pubertal children? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
  • Zigoni C, Norris SA, Griffiths PL, Cameron N. (In press). Studying a population undergoing nutrition transition: a practical case study of dietary assessment in urban South African adolescents. Ecology of Food and Nutrition.
  • Demerath EW, Jones LL, Hawley NL, Norris SA, Pettifor JM, Duren d, Sherwood R, Choc AC, Chumlea C, Towne B, Siervogel RM, Cameron N. (In press). Rapid infant weight gain and the rate of skeletal maturation in childhood. Pediatric Research.
  • Norris SA, Griffiths PL, Pettifor JM, Dunger DB, Cameron N. (2009). Implications of adopting the WHO 2006 Child Growth Standards: a case study from urban South Africa, the Birth to Twenty cohort. Annals of Human Biology 36: 21-27
  • Thandrayen K, Norris SA, Pettifor JM. (2009). Childhood Fracture rates in urban South African children of different ethnic origins: The Birth to Twenty Cohort. Osteoporosis International. 20: 47-52
  • Jones LL. Griffiths PL, Norris SA, Pettifor JM, Cameron N. (2009). Age of menarche and the evidence for a positive secular trend in urban South Africa. American Journal of Human Biology. 21(1): 130-132 (Epub).
  • Nelson DA, Pettifor JM, Norris SA. (2008). Race, ethnicity and osteoporosis. Ch 26. In : Marcus R, Fieldman D, Nelson D, Rosen C (eds). Osteoporosis3rd ed.Elsevier, San Diego pp 667- 687 ISBN: 978-0-12-370544-0
  • Jones LL, Griffiths PL, Adair L, Norris SA, Richter LM, Cameron N. (2008). A comparison of the socio-economic determinants of growth retardation in South African and Filipino infants. Public Health Nutrition. 11: 1220-1228
  • Norris SA, Sheppard ZA, Griffiths PL, Cameron N, Pettifor JM. (2008). The Relationship between socio- economic status in infancy and childhood bone mass prior to puberty in urban South African children. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. Sep; 23 (9): 1409-16.
  • Richter LM, Norris SA. (2008). Sport participation and development among urban African youth in South Africa: Findings from the Birth to Twenty study. Developmental Psychology.
  • Pedro TM, Mackeown JM, Norris SA.(2008). Variety and total number of food items recorded by a true longitudinal group of South African children at 5 interceptions between 1995 and 2003: The Birth-to Twenty (Bt20) Study. Public Health Nutrition. 11 (6):616-23
  • Vidulich L, Norris SA, Cameron N, Pettifor JM (2007). Infant programming of bone size and bone mass in 10-year-old black and white South African children. Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 21:354-362
  • McVeigh JA, Norris SA, Pettifor JM. (2007).Bone mass accretion rates in pre and early pubertal South African black and white children in relation to habitual physical activity and dietary calcium intakes. Acta Pediatrica96:874- 880
  • Willey BA, Griffiths PL, Cameron N, Norris SA, Pettifor JM. (2007) Socio-economic status and social supportin predicting infants being born small for gestational age in urban South Africa. In: I Nicoletti L, Benso, Gilli G, (Eds). Human growth in sickness and in Health, pp 35-52.Nicomp L.E., Firenze, Italy
  • Mackeown JM, Pedro TM, Norris SA. (2007).Energy, macro and micronutrient intake among a true longitudinal group of South African adolescents at two interceptions (2000 and 2003): the Birth to Twenty (Bt20) study. Public Health Nutrition10:635-643
  • Cameron N (2007). Rapid Growth in infancy and childhood: causes and consequences. In I Nicoletti, G Gilli, G (Eds). Human Growth in Sickness and in Health, pp23-34, Nicomp L.E., Firenze, Italy
  • Micklesfield LK, Norris SA, Nelson DA, Lambert EV, van der Merwe L, Pettifor JM. (2007). Comparisons of body size, composition, and whole body bone mass between North American and South African children. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 22:1869-1877
  • Vidulich L, Norris SA, Cameron N, Pettifor JM. (2006). Ethnic differences in bone mass in 10-year-old South African children. Osteoporosis International; 17 :433-440.
  • Nelson DA, Norris SA, Gilsantz V. (2006)Skeletal physiology: childhood and adolescence. Favus MJ (Ed). Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders on Mineral Metabolism. 6th ed. 2006. (pp 55-62). American Society for Bone and MineralResearch, Washington DC, ISBN-13: 978-0-9778882-0-7.
  • Whati LH, Norris SA, Cameron N, Pettifor JM (2006). Ethnicity andgender have a differential effect on the size of the axial and appendicular skeletons in pubertal South African children. American Journal of Physical Anthropology; 130 :135-141
  • Cameron N, Wright MM, Griffiths PL, Norris SA, Pettifor JM.(2005) Stunting at 2 years in relation to body composition at 9 years in African urban children. Obesity Research; 13(1):131-6
  • Cameron N, Preece MA, Cole TJ. (2005) Catch-up growth or regression to the mean? Recovery from stunting revisited. American Journal of Human Biology; 17:412-417.
  • Whati LH, Senekal M, Steyn NP, Lombard C, Nel J, Norris SA. (2005). Development of a reliable and valid nutritional knowledge questionnaire for urban adolescents. Nutrition 21:76-85
  • McVeigh JA, Norris SA, Cameron N, Pettifor JM. (2004) Associations between physical activity and bone mass in black and white South African children at age 9 yr. Journal of Applied Physiology; 97(3):1006-12.
  • Richter LM, Norris SA. Nutrition. (2004) In: Swart L, De la Ray C &Duncan N, (Eds). Psychology: an introduction (pp 437-448)Oxford: Oxford University Press,ISBN13:978-0-019-578136-6 ISBN10: 0-19-578136-8
  • Mackeown JM, Cleaton-Jones PE, Norris SA. (2003) Nutrient intake among a longitudinal group of urban black South African children at four interception between 1995 and 2000 (Birth-to-Ten Study). Nutrition Research; 23(2):185-97.
  • Mackeown JM, Cleaton-Jones PE, Fatti P. (2003) Caries and micronutrient intake among urban South African children: a cohort study. Community Dental and Oral Epidemiology; 31(3):213-20.
  • Cameron N. (2003)Physical growth in a transitional economy: the aftermath of South African apartheid. Economics of Human Biology; 1(1):29-42.
  • Mackeown JM, Cleaton-Jones PE.(2001) Dental caries incidence in relation to nutrient intake in urban preschool children. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 14(4):132-6.
  • Ellison GT, De Wet T. (2001) Shoe size, stature and caesarean delivery. South African Medical Journal; 91(10):846, 848.
  • Norris SA, Pettifor JM. (2000) A review: Factors influencing bone mass acquisition in children. New Birth to Ten research initiative investigating such factors in black and white urban children in South Africa. Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection; 15:114-7.
  • Norris SA, Pettifor JM. (2000) A review: Factors influencing bone mass acquisition in children. New Birth to Ten research initiative investigating such factors in black and white urban children in South Africa. Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection; 15:114-7.
  • Mackeown JM, Cleaton-Jones PE, Edwards AW. (2000) Energy and macronutrient intake in relation to dental caries incidence in urban black South African preschool children in 1991 and 1995: The birth-to-ten study. Public Health Nutrition; 3(3):313-9.
  • Cameron N, De Wet T, Ellison GT, Bogin B. (1998) Growth in height and weight of South African urban infants from birth to five years: The Birth to Ten study. American Journal of Human Biology; 10(4): 495-504.
  • Mackeown JM, Cleaton-Jones PE, Edwards AW, Turgeon-O Brien H. (1998) Energy, macro- and micronutrient intake of 5-year-old urban black South African children in 1984 and 1995. Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology; 12(3):297-312.
  • Cooper PA, Sandler DL. (1997) Outcome of very low birth weight infants at 12 to 18 months of age in Soweto, South Africa. Pediatrics; 99(4):537-44.
  • Cameron N. (1996) Birth to Ten: The First Five Years. The Leech; 65(1):42-4.
  • Cameron N. (1996) Antenatal and birth factors and their relationship to child growth. In: Henry CJK, Ulijaszek SJ, editors. Long term consequences of early environment: growth, development and the lifespan developmental perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; p. 69-90.
  • Ballot DE, Mohanlal P, Davies VA, Cooper PA. (1996) Factors associated with poor prognosis in very-low-birth-weight infants. South African Medical Journal; 86(11 Suppl):1457-60.
  • Mackeown JM, Cleaton-Jones PE, Perdrau GG. (1996) Energy and macronutrient intake of one-year-old South African urban children: the Birth to Ten (BTT) Study. Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology; 10(2):150-60.
  • Mackeown JM, Cleaton-Jones PE. (1993) Dietary intake for 1-year-old South African children. Urbanisation and Health Newsletter; 18(2):4-13.
  • Wagstaff L, De Wet T, Anderson A. (1993) Infant feeding - Birth to Ten. Urbanisation and Health Newsletter; 18(2) 13.

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Methodological issuesinvolved instudying children and adolescents

Richter LM, Panday S, Norris SA. (2009; In press). Factors influencing enrolment: a case study of the Birth to Twenty cohort. Evaluation and Programme Planning.

Norris SA, Richter LM.(2008). Are there short cuts to pubertal assessments? Self- reported group differences in pubertal manifestations. Journal of Adolescent Health. 42: 259-265.

Norris SA, Richter LM, Fleetwood SA.(2007) Panel studies in developing countries: case analysis of sample attrition over the past 15 years within the Birth to Twenty cohort in Johannesburg, South Africa. Journal of International Development; 19:1143-1150

Richter LM, Norris SA, Pettifor J, Yach D, Cameron N. (2007) Mandela s Children: The 1990 Birth to Twenty Study in South Africa. International Journal of Epidemiology; 36:1-8

Steyn NP, Senekal M, Norris SA, Whati L, Mackeown J, Nel JH.(2006) The development and testing of two-dimensional drawings and 3-dimensional food models to estimate food portion size in 12-13 year old children in the Birth to Twenty cohort in Johannesburg. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 15;35-42

Whati LH, Senekal M, Steyn NP, Nel JH, Lombard C, Norris SA. (2005) Development of a reliable and valid nutritional knowledge questionnaire for urban South African adolescents. Nutrition; 21(1):76-85.

Norris SA, Richter LM.(2005) Application and validation of tanner pubertal self-rating to urban Black adolescents in South Africa. Journal of Research on Adolescence; 15: 609-24.

Cameron N, Griffiths PL, Wright MM et al.(2004) Regression equations to estimate percentage body fat in African prepubertal children aged 9 years. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 80(1):70-5.

Harpham T, Huttly S, Wilson I, De Wet T.(2003). Linking public issues with private troubles: Panel studies in developing countries. J. Journal of International Development; 15(3):353-63.

Ellison GT, De Wet T, Matshidze KP, Cooper P.(2000) The reliability and validity of self-reported reproductive history and obstetric morbidity amongst Birth to Ten mothers in Soweto. Curationis; 23(4):76-80.

Richter LM, Norris SA, De Wet T. (2004) Transition from Birth to Ten to Birth to Twenty: the South African cohort reaches 13 years of age. Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology; 18(4):290-301.

Morrell C.(2003) Simpson s paradox: An example from a longitudinal study in South Africa. Journal of Statistics Education November, 7(3) Online Wednesday, 12:57PM http://www.amstat.org/publications/jse/secure/v7n3/datasets morrell cfm 1999.

Ellison GT, Richter LM, De Wet T, Harris HE, Griesel RD, McIntyre JA.(1997). The reliability of hand-writtenand computerised records of birth data collected at Baragwanath hospital in Soweto. Curationis; (1):36-40.

Ellison GT, Richter LM, De Wet T, Harris HE, Griesel RD, McIntyre J. (1997). Improving the accuracy of birth notification data: Lessons from the Birth to Ten study. South African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection; 12(3):91-6.

Ellison GT, De WT. (1997). The use of racial categories in contemporary South African health research. A survey of articles published in the South African Medical Journal between 1992 and 1996. South African Medical Journal; 87(12):1671-9.

Richter LM, Yach D, Cameron N, Griesel RD, De Wet T.(1995). Enrolment into Birth to Ten (BTT): population and sample characteristics. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology; 9(1):109-20.

Anderson A, Richter LM. (1994). "Birth to Ten": Error detection and correction in a longitudinal address database. South African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection; 9(1):16-9.

Yach D, Richter LM, Cameron N, Von Schirnding YER, De Wet T. (1993). Birth to Ten: Methods of a Birth Cohort Study. Urbanisation and Health Newsletter; 17(1):4-13.

Von Schirnding YER, Mokoetle K. (1993). Johannesburg-Soweto Child Health Respiratory Study: Methodology and Preliminary Results at 6 months. Urbanisation and Health Newsletter; 17(1):58-61.

Fonn S, De Beer M, Kgamphe S et al.(1991). Birth to Ten --pilot studies to test the feasibility of a birth cohort study investigating the effects of urbanisation in South Africa. South African Medical Journal; 79(8):449-54.

Yach D, Cameron N, Padayachee N, Wagstaff L, Richter L, Fonn S.(1991)Birth to ten: child health in South Africa in the 1990s. Rationale and methods of a birth cohort study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology; 5(2):211-33.

Yach D, Padayachee GN, Cameron N, Wagstaff LA, Richter L.(1990) Birth to Ten --a study of children of the 1990s living in the Johannesburg-Soweto area. South African Medical Journal; 77(7):325-6.